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      流逝的是岁月，不变的是情怀.
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      坚持学习，是为了成就更好的自己. <br></div> <div>公众号[中关村程序员]</div></div></div> <!----></div> <div class="theme-default-content content__default"><h1 id="第2章-序列构成的数组"><a href="#第2章-序列构成的数组" class="header-anchor">#</a> 第2章 序列构成的数组</h1> <p>[toc]</p> <p>第二章开始介绍了列表这种数据结构，这个在python是经常用到的结构</p> <h2 id="列表推导"><a href="#列表推导" class="header-anchor">#</a> 列表推导</h2> <p>列表的推导，将一个字符串编程一个列表，有下面的2种方法。
其中第二种方法更简洁。可读性也比第一种要好。</p> <div class="language-python extra-class"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token builtin">str</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">'abc'</span>
string <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>

<span class="token comment"># 第一种方法</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> s <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token builtin">str</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>string<span class="token punctuation">.</span>append<span class="token punctuation">(</span>s<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 第二种方法</span>
ret <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>s <span class="token keyword">for</span> s <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token builtin">str</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>ret<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre></div><blockquote><p>用这种for…in的方法来推导列表，有个好处就是不会有变量泄露也就是越界的问题</p></blockquote> <p>列表的推导还有一种方式，称为生成器表达式。
表达式都差不多，不过是方括号编程了圆括号而已</p> <p><code>生成器的好处是什么呢?</code></p> <blockquote><p>列表推导是首先生成一个组合的列表，这会占用到内存。
而生成式则是在每一个for循环运行时才生成一个组合，这样就不会预先占用内存
生成器表达式不会一次将整个列表加载到内存之中，而是生成一个生成器对象(Generator objector)，所以一次只加载一个列表元素</p></blockquote> <p>举个例子来说明：</p> <p>有20000个数组的列表。分别用列表推导法和生成式表达法来进行遍历。
并用<code>memory_profiler</code>	来监控代码占用的内存</p> <p>列表推导法例子：</p> <div class="language-python extra-class"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token comment"># 如果系统没有这个模块就执行pip install memory_profiler进行安装</span>
<span class="token keyword">from</span> memory_profiler <span class="token keyword">import</span> profile


<span class="token decorator annotation punctuation">@profile</span>
<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">fun_try</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    test <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>

    <span class="token keyword">for</span> i <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token builtin">range</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">20000</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
        test<span class="token punctuation">.</span>append<span class="token punctuation">(</span>i<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

    <span class="token keyword">for</span> num <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>t <span class="token keyword">for</span> t <span class="token keyword">in</span> test<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
        <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>num<span class="token punctuation">)</span>


fun_try<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre></div><p>这个代码运行结果是：</p> <div class="language- extra-class"><pre class="language-text"><code>	Line #    Mem usage    Increment   Line Contents
================================================
     5     39.9 MiB     39.9 MiB   @profile
     6                             def fun_try():
     7     39.9 MiB      0.0 MiB       test = []
     8
     9     40.8 MiB      0.0 MiB       for i in range(20000):
    10     40.8 MiB      0.1 MiB           test.append(i)
    11
    12     41.2 MiB      0.2 MiB       for num in [t for t in test]:
    13     41.2 MiB      0.0 MiB           print(num)

</code></pre></div><br>
生成式例子：
<div class="language-python extra-class"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token comment"># 如果系统没有这个模块就执行pip install memory_profiler进行安装</span>
<span class="token keyword">from</span> memory_profiler <span class="token keyword">import</span> profile


<span class="token decorator annotation punctuation">@profile</span>
<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">fun_try</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    test <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>

    <span class="token keyword">for</span> i <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token builtin">range</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">20000</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
        test<span class="token punctuation">.</span>append<span class="token punctuation">(</span>i<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

    <span class="token keyword">for</span> num <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>t <span class="token keyword">for</span> t <span class="token keyword">in</span> test<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
        <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>num<span class="token punctuation">)</span>


fun_try<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

</code></pre></div><p>这个代码运行结果是:</p> <div class="language- extra-class"><pre class="language-text"><code>Line #    Mem usage    Increment   Line Contents
================================================
     5     40.1 MiB     40.1 MiB   @profile
     6                             def fun_try():
     7     40.1 MiB      0.0 MiB       test = []
     8
     9     41.1 MiB      0.0 MiB       for i in range(20000):
    10     41.1 MiB      0.1 MiB           test.append(i)
    11
    12     41.1 MiB      0.0 MiB       for num in (t for t in test):
    13     41.1 MiB      0.0 MiB           print(num)

</code></pre></div><br> <p>结论：</p> <p><code>通过这两个结果可以看到列表推导法增加了0.2MB的内存 除非特殊的原因，应该经常在代码中使用生成器表达式。 但除非是面对非常大的列表，否则是不会看出明显区别的。</code></p> <br>
下面介绍下元组。说到元组，第一个反应就应该是不可变列表。
但作者同时还介绍了元组的很多其他特性。
首先来看下元组的拆包。
<div class="language-python extra-class"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token comment">#元组拆包</span>
t <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">8</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> b <span class="token operator">=</span> t
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> b<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre></div><p>如果在进行拆包的同时，并不是对所有的元组数据都感兴趣。
<strong>_占位符</strong>就能帮助处理这种情况</p> <div class="language-python extra-class"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token keyword">import</span> os
 _<span class="token punctuation">,</span> filename <span class="token operator">=</span> os<span class="token punctuation">.</span>path<span class="token punctuation">.</span>split<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;/home/jian/prj/demo.txt&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>_<span class="token punctuation">,</span> filename<span class="token punctuation">)</span>  <span class="token comment">#/home/jian/prj demo.txt</span>
</code></pre></div><p>上面元组拆包的时候是对可迭代对象进行遍历，然后一一赋值到变量。
但是如果想通过给每个元组元素的命名来访问，则需用到命名元组namdtuple</p> <div class="language-python extra-class"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token comment"># collections.namedtuple构建一个带有字段名的元组和一个有名字的类</span>
<span class="token keyword">from</span> collections <span class="token keyword">import</span> namedtuple<span class="token punctuation">,</span> OrderedDict

City <span class="token operator">=</span> namedtuple<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'City'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'name country population'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
tokyo <span class="token operator">=</span> City<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'Tokyo'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'JP'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'123'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
tokyo_data <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'Tokyo'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'JP'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'123'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tokyo<span class="token punctuation">)</span>  <span class="token comment"># City(name='Tokyo', country='JP', population='123')</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tokyo<span class="token punctuation">.</span>name<span class="token punctuation">,</span> tokyo<span class="token punctuation">.</span>country<span class="token punctuation">,</span> tokyo<span class="token punctuation">.</span>population<span class="token punctuation">)</span>  <span class="token comment"># Tokyo JP 123</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>City<span class="token punctuation">.</span>_fields<span class="token punctuation">)</span>  <span class="token comment"># ('name', 'country', 'population')</span>

tokyo <span class="token operator">=</span> City<span class="token punctuation">.</span>_make<span class="token punctuation">(</span>tokyo_data<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tokyo<span class="token punctuation">)</span>  <span class="token comment"># City(name='Tokyo', country='JP', population='123')</span>

OrderedDict<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'name'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'Tokyo'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'country'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'JP'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'population'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'123'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tokyo<span class="token punctuation">.</span>_asdict<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># OrderedDict([('name', 'Tokyo'), ('country', 'JP'), ('population', '123')])</span>

</code></pre></div><br>
***符号用来处理剩下的元素**
<div class="language-python extra-class"><pre class="language-python"><code>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> b<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>rest <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">range</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> b<span class="token punctuation">,</span> rest<span class="token punctuation">)</span>  <span class="token comment"># 0 1 [2, 3, 4]</span>

a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>b<span class="token punctuation">,</span> rest <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">range</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> b<span class="token punctuation">,</span> rest<span class="token punctuation">)</span>  <span class="token comment"># 0 [1,2,3] 4</span>

</code></pre></div><ul><li>序列的操作：
增量赋值：
增量运算符+，*等其实是调用<code>__iadd__/__add__/__mul__</code>方法。
<strong>对于可变对象来说，+调用的是<code>__iadd__</code>，对于不可变对象来说对象调用的是<code>__add__</code>。</strong></li></ul> <p><strong>两者有什么区别呢。</strong></p> <p>先看下面的例子</p> <div class="language-python extra-class"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token builtin">str</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
str1 <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;str:%d&quot;</span> <span class="token operator">%</span> <span class="token builtin">id</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">str</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;str1:%d&quot;</span> <span class="token operator">%</span> <span class="token builtin">id</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>str1<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token builtin">str</span> <span class="token operator">+=</span> <span class="token builtin">str</span>
str1 <span class="token operator">+=</span> str1

<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;str:%d&quot;</span> <span class="token operator">%</span> <span class="token builtin">id</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">str</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;str1:%d&quot;</span> <span class="token operator">%</span> <span class="token builtin">id</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>str1<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre></div><p>得到的结果如下：</p> <div class="language- extra-class"><pre class="language-text"><code>str:2256630301640
str1:2256630239736
str:2256630301640
str1:2256630606152

</code></pre></div><p>str是列表,str1是元组，列表是可变对象，元组是不可变对象。</p> <p>在进行加法运算后，str的id没有改变，因此还是之前的对象，但是str1的id却发生了改变，不是之前的对象了。</p> <p>这种的差别在于<code>__iadd__</code>的方法类似调用a.extend(b)的方式，是在原有的对象上进行扩展操作。</p> <p>但是<code>__add__</code>的方式类似于a=a+b。
首先a+b得到一个新的的对象，然后复制给a，因此变量和之前的对象没有任何联系。
而是被关联到一个新的对象。同样的乘法<code>__imul__/__mul__</code>也是类似的道理</p> <p>列表组成的列表：</p> <div class="language-python extra-class"><pre class="language-python"><code>board <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'_'</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token number">3</span> <span class="token keyword">for</span> i <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token builtin">range</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>board<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

board<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">'x'</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>board<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

</code></pre></div><p>运行结果：</p> <div class="language- extra-class"><pre class="language-text"><code>[['_', '_', '_'], ['_', '_', '_'], ['_', '_', '_']]
[['_', '_', '_'], ['_', '_', 'x'], ['_', '_', '_']]

</code></pre></div><p>输出三个列表的ID</p> <div class="language-python extra-class"><pre class="language-python"><code>board <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'_'</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token number">3</span> <span class="token keyword">for</span> i <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token builtin">range</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>board<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

board<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">'x'</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>board<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 输出3个列表的ID</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">id</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>board<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">id</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>board<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">id</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>board<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

</code></pre></div><p>结果是分别属于不同的ID：</p> <div class="language- extra-class"><pre class="language-text"><code>3221578302664
3221578302536
3221578302600
</code></pre></div><p>我们再来看下另外一种用法。下面的代码对一个包含3个列表的列表进行*3的操作。</p> <div class="language-python extra-class"><pre class="language-python"><code>board <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">'_'</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token number">3</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>board<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

board<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">'x'</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>board<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">id</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>board<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">id</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>board<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">id</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>board<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre></div><p>运行结果是：
发现id都一样。说明了全部指向的是同一个对象。</p> <div class="language- extra-class"><pre class="language-text"><code>[['_', '_', '_'], ['_', '_', '_'], ['_', '_', '_']]
[['_', '_', 'x'], ['_', '_', 'x'], ['_', '_', 'x']]
1195278432328
1195278432328
1195278432328
</code></pre></div><p>如果对不可变对象中的可变对象进行赋值会产生什么后果，比如下面的这段代码</p> <div class="language-python extra-class"><pre class="language-python"><code>t <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">30</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">40</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
t<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">+=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">50</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">60</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>

<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>t<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre></div><p>运行结果直接报错：</p> <div class="language- extra-class"><pre class="language-text"><code>TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
</code></pre></div><p>我们可以把代码放在<a href="http://pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">python在线调式网站<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a>进行调试</p> <p>把代码稍微修改下然后再看看情况</p> <div class="language-python extra-class"><pre class="language-python"><code>t <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">30</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">40</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
t<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>append<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">50</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">60</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>t<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre></div><p><code>为什么这两种实现会带来不同的结果呢?</code></p> <p>原因在于t是一个元组属于不可变对象。但用t[2]+=[50,60]的时候是对一个元组进行赋值。
所以报错误。</p> <p>但是同时t[2]又属于一个列表可变对象。因此数据也更新成功了</p> <p>但是如果用t[2].append([50,60])的操作则是对一个列表进行操作，而并没有对一个元组进行赋值。因此能够更新成功且不会报错误。</p> <p>这是一个很有趣的例子。</p> <p>对于理解可变对象和不可变对象的操作很有帮助。
<br></p> <p><code>查看背后的字节码情况：</code></p> <div class="language-python extra-class"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token keyword">import</span> dis
a <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

byte_info <span class="token operator">=</span> dis<span class="token punctuation">.</span>dis<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'a[2]+=1'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>byte_info<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre></div><p>打印出反编译的结果(反编译后的代码与汇编语言接近)是：</p> <div class="language- extra-class"><pre class="language-text"><code>  1           0 LOAD_NAME                0 (a)
              2 LOAD_CONST               0 (2)
              4 DUP_TOP_TWO
              6 BINARY_SUBSCR
              8 LOAD_CONST               1 (1)
             10 INPLACE_ADD
             12 ROT_THREE
             14 STORE_SUBSCR
             16 LOAD_CONST               2 (None)
             18 RETURN_VALUE

</code></pre></div><blockquote><p>插播一个有趣的例子</p></blockquote> <p>python之交换变量值</p> <div class="language-python extra-class"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token keyword">import</span> dis     

<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">swap1</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    x <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">5</span>
    y <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">6</span>
    x<span class="token punctuation">,</span> y <span class="token operator">=</span> y<span class="token punctuation">,</span>x

<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">swap2</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    x <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">5</span>
    y <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">6</span>
    tmp <span class="token operator">=</span> x
    x <span class="token operator">=</span> y
    y <span class="token operator">=</span> tmp

<span class="token keyword">if</span> __name__ <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token string">&quot;__main__&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;***SWAP1***&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>dis<span class="token punctuation">.</span>dis<span class="token punctuation">(</span>swap1<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;***SWAP2***&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>dis<span class="token punctuation">.</span>dis<span class="token punctuation">(</span>swap2<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre></div><p>查看结果：</p> <div class="language- extra-class"><pre class="language-text"><code>*** SWAP1***
  5           0 LOAD_CONST               1 (5)
              3 STORE_FAST               0 (x)
  6           6 LOAD_CONST               2 (6)
              9 STORE_FAST               1 (y)
  7          12 LOAD_FAST                1 (y)
             15 LOAD_FAST                0 (x)
             18 ROT_TWO             
             19 STORE_FAST               0 (x)
             22 STORE_FAST               1 (y)
             25 LOAD_CONST               0 (None)
             28 RETURN_VALUE      
             
***SWAP2***
10           0 LOAD_CONST               1 (5)
              3 STORE_FAST               0 (x)
11           6 LOAD_CONST               2 (6)
              9 STORE_FAST               1 (y)
12          12 LOAD_FAST                0 (x)
             15 STORE_FAST               2 (tmp)
13          18 LOAD_FAST                1 (y)
             21 STORE_FAST               0 (x)
14          24 LOAD_FAST                2 (tmp)
             27 STORE_FAST               1 (y)
             30 LOAD_CONST               0 (None)
             33 RETURN_VALUE        
</code></pre></div><p>得到结论</p> <blockquote><p>通过字节码可以看到，swap1和swap2最大的区别在于，swap1中通过ROT_TWO交换栈顶的两个元素实现x和y值的互换，swap2中引入了tmp变量，多了一次LOAD_FAST, STORE_FAST的操作。</p> <p>执行一个ROT_TWO指令比执行一个LOAD_FAST+STORE_FAST的指令快，</p> <p><strong>这也是为什么swap1比swap2性能更好的原因</strong>。</p></blockquote> <br>
* 数组：
<p>在列表和元组中，存放的是具体的对象，如整数对象，字符对象。
如下面的整数b。占据28个字节。因为存放的是整数对象，而非整数本身。</p> <div class="language-python extra-class"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token keyword">import</span> sys
b <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">1</span>

<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>sys<span class="token punctuation">.</span>getsizeof<span class="token punctuation">(</span>b<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># 28</span>
</code></pre></div><p>对于存放大量数据来说。我们选择用数组的形式要好很多。
<strong>因为数组存储的不是对象，而是数字的机器翻译。也就是字节表述。</strong></p> <p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Syncma/Figurebed/master/img/1183125-20170617154733759-2053769655.png" alt="Alt text"></p> <p>在array中需要规定各个字符的类型，如上表中的Type code。
定义好类型后则数组内的元素必须全是这个类型，否则会报错。</p> <p>就像下面的代码。类型规定的是b也就是单字节的整数。
但是在插入的时候却是c字符，则报错：<code>TypeError: an integer is required</code></p> <div class="language-python extra-class"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token keyword">import</span> array

num <span class="token operator">=</span> array<span class="token punctuation">.</span>array<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'b'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
num<span class="token punctuation">.</span>append<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'c'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>num<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre></div><br> <p><strong>在上表中，每个类型都有字节大小的限制。如果超出了字节大小的限制也是会报错的</strong></p> <p>还是b的这个类型，是有符号的单字节整数，那么范围是-128到127.
如果我们插入128.则报错：<code>signed char is greater than maximum</code> 提示超过了最大</p> <div class="language-python extra-class"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token keyword">import</span> array

num <span class="token operator">=</span> array<span class="token punctuation">.</span>array<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'b'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
num<span class="token punctuation">.</span>append<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">128</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>num<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre></div><p>对于数组这种结构体来说，由于占用的内存小，因此在读取和写入文件的时候的速度更快，相比于列表来说的话。</p> <h2 id="数组与列表效率对比"><a href="#数组与列表效率对比" class="header-anchor">#</a> 数组与列表效率对比</h2> <p>下面来对比下：
首先是用列表生成并写入txt文档的用法</p> <div class="language-python extra-class"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token keyword">import</span> time
<span class="token keyword">import</span> struct

<span class="token comment"># struct 例子</span>
<span class="token comment"># a = 20</span>
<span class="token comment"># 'i'表示一个int</span>
<span class="token comment"># # struct.pack把python值转化成字节流</span>
<span class="token comment"># data = struct.pack('i', a)</span>
<span class="token comment"># print(len(data))</span>
<span class="token comment"># print(repr(data))</span>
<span class="token comment"># print(data)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 拆包</span>
<span class="token comment"># a1 = struct.unpack('i', data)</span>
<span class="token comment"># print(&quot;a1=&quot;, a1)</span>


<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">arry_try_list</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>

    floats <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token builtin">float</span> <span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token builtin">float</span> <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token builtin">range</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token operator">**</span><span class="token number">7</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>

    fp <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'list.bin'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'wb'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    start <span class="token operator">=</span> time<span class="token punctuation">.</span>clock<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

    <span class="token keyword">for</span> f <span class="token keyword">in</span> floats<span class="token punctuation">:</span>

        strdata <span class="token operator">=</span> struct<span class="token punctuation">.</span>pack<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'i'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> f<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        fp<span class="token punctuation">.</span>write<span class="token punctuation">(</span>strdata<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

    fp<span class="token punctuation">.</span>close<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

    end <span class="token operator">=</span> time<span class="token punctuation">.</span>clock<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>end <span class="token operator">-</span> start<span class="token punctuation">)</span>


arry_try_list<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

</code></pre></div><p>执行结果：5.8789385</p> <p>再看数组的形式：</p> <div class="language-python extra-class"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token keyword">from</span> array <span class="token keyword">import</span> array
<span class="token keyword">from</span> random <span class="token keyword">import</span> random
<span class="token keyword">import</span> time


<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">array_try</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>

    floats <span class="token operator">=</span> array<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'d'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>random<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">for</span> i <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token builtin">range</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token operator">**</span><span class="token number">7</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    start <span class="token operator">=</span> time<span class="token punctuation">.</span>clock<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

    fp <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'floats.bin'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'wb'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    floats<span class="token punctuation">.</span>tofile<span class="token punctuation">(</span>fp<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

    fp<span class="token punctuation">.</span>close<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

    end <span class="token operator">=</span> time<span class="token punctuation">.</span>clock<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>end <span class="token operator">-</span> start<span class="token punctuation">)</span>


array_try<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre></div><p>执行结果： 0.045192899999999994</p> <p>可以看到速度明显提升了很多</p> <p>再来对比读文件的速度</p> <div class="language-python extra-class"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token keyword">from</span> array <span class="token keyword">import</span> array
<span class="token keyword">import</span> time


<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">array_try</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>

    floats <span class="token operator">=</span> array<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'d'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    start <span class="token operator">=</span> time<span class="token punctuation">.</span>clock<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

    fp <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'floats.bin'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'rb'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token comment"># 比直接从文本文件里面读快，后者使用内置的float方法把每一行文字变成浮点数</span>
    floats<span class="token punctuation">.</span>fromfile<span class="token punctuation">(</span>fp<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token operator">**</span><span class="token number">7</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    fp<span class="token punctuation">.</span>close<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

    end <span class="token operator">=</span> time<span class="token punctuation">.</span>clock<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>end <span class="token operator">-</span> start<span class="token punctuation">)</span>


array_try<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre></div><p>执行结果是：0.1172238</p> <hr> <p>##使用memoryview模块
精准地修改了一个数组的某个字节</p> <div class="language-python extra-class"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token comment">#memoryview内存视图</span>
<span class="token comment">#在不复制内容的情况下操作同一个数组的不同切片</span>
<span class="token keyword">from</span> array <span class="token keyword">import</span> array

<span class="token comment">#5个短整型有符号整数的数组，类型码是h</span>
numbers <span class="token operator">=</span> array<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'h'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

memv <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">memoryview</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>numbers<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">len</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>memv<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment">#转成B类型，无符号字符</span>
memv_oct <span class="token operator">=</span> memv<span class="token punctuation">.</span>cast<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'B'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
tolist <span class="token operator">=</span> memv_oct<span class="token punctuation">.</span>tolist<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tolist<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

memv_oct<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">4</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>numbers<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre></div><hr> <h2 id="bisect模块用法"><a href="#bisect模块用法" class="header-anchor">#</a> bisect模块用法</h2> <div class="language- extra-class"><pre class="language-text"><code>
import bisect

# 以空格作为分隔打印S中所有元素再换行.
def print_all(S):
    for x in S:
        print(x, end = &quot; &quot;)
    print(&quot;&quot;)

# 有序向量SV.
SV = [1, 3, 6, 6, 8, 9]

#查找元素.
key = int(input())
print(bisect.bisect_left(SV, key))
print(bisect.bisect_right(SV, key))

# 插入新元素.
key = 0
bisect.insort_right(SV, key)

# 删除重复元素的最后一个. 思考: 如何删除第一个?
key = 6
i = bisect.bisect_right(SV, key)
i -= 1
# 注意此时i &lt; len(SV)必然成立. 如果确实有key这个元素则删除.
if (i &gt; 0 and SV[i] == key): del(SV[i])
print_all(SV)

# 删除重复key所在区间: [bisect.bisect_left(SV, key):bisect.bisect_right(SV, key)).
del SV[bisect.bisect_left(SV, key):bisect.bisect_right(SV, key)]
print_all(SV)

# 无序向量USV.
USV = [9, 6, 1, 3, 8, 6]

# 插入新元素
key = 0
USV.append(key)

# 删除重复元素的最后一个.
key = 6
# 逆向遍历, 如果存在则删除.
i = len(USV) - 1
while i &gt; 0:
    if USV[i] == key:
        USV[i] = USV[-1]
        USV.pop()
        break
    i -= 1
print_all(USV)

# 删除重复元素的第一个.
try:
    i = USV.index(key)
except:
    pass
else:
    USV[i] = USV[-1]
    USV.pop()
print_all(USV)
</code></pre></div><hr> <p>##pickle模块用法
pickle模块是将python值转成成byte</p> <div class="language-python extra-class"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token keyword">try</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token keyword">import</span> cPickle <span class="token keyword">as</span> pickle
<span class="token keyword">except</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token keyword">import</span> pickle

data <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token string">'a'</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">'A'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'b'</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'c'</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token number">3.0</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>

<span class="token comment"># 编码</span>
data_string <span class="token operator">=</span> pickle<span class="token punctuation">.</span>dumps<span class="token punctuation">(</span>data<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;DATA:&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> data<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;PICKLE:&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> data_string<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">type</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>data_string<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 解码</span>
data_from_string <span class="token operator">=</span> pickle<span class="token punctuation">.</span>loads<span class="token punctuation">(</span>data_string<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>data_from_string<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

</code></pre></div><hr> <p>##双向队列
双向队列deque</p> <div class="language-python extra-class"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token keyword">import</span> timeit
<span class="token keyword">from</span> collections <span class="token keyword">import</span> deque


<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">way1</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    mylist <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token builtin">list</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">range</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">100000</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">for</span> i <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token builtin">range</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">100000</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
        mylist<span class="token punctuation">.</span>pop<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>


<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">way2</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    mydeque <span class="token operator">=</span> deque<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">range</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">100000</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">for</span> i <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token builtin">range</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">100000</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
        mydeque<span class="token punctuation">.</span>pop<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>


<span class="token keyword">if</span> __name__ <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token string">&quot;__main__&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    t1 <span class="token operator">=</span> timeit<span class="token punctuation">.</span>timeit<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;way1&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> setup<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">&quot;from __main__ import way1&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> number<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>t1<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

    t2 <span class="token operator">=</span> timeit<span class="token punctuation">.</span>timeit<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;way2&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> setup<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">&quot;from __main__ import way2&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> number<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>t2<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

</code></pre></div><p>结果：</p> <div class="language- extra-class"><pre class="language-text"><code>6e-07
1.0000000000001327e-06
</code></pre></div><blockquote><p><strong>deque是双向队列，如果你的业务逻辑里面需要大量的从队列的头或者尾部删除，添加，用deque的性能会大幅提高！</strong></p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>如果只是小队列，并且对元素需要随机访问操作,那么list会快一些。</p></blockquote> <div class="language-python extra-class"><pre class="language-python"><code><span class="token comment"># 双向队列用法</span>

<span class="token keyword">from</span> collections <span class="token keyword">import</span> deque

<span class="token comment"># 创建一个队列</span>
q <span class="token operator">=</span> deque<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>q<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 往队列中添加一个元素</span>
q<span class="token punctuation">.</span>append<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>q<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 往队列最左边添加一个元素</span>
q<span class="token punctuation">.</span>appendleft<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>q<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 同时入队多个元素</span>
q<span class="token punctuation">.</span>extend<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">6</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>q<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 在最左边同时入队多个元素</span>
q<span class="token punctuation">.</span>extendleft<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">7</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">8</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">9</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>q<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 剔除队列中最后一个</span>
q<span class="token punctuation">.</span>pop<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>q<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 删除队列最左边的一个元素</span>
q<span class="token punctuation">.</span>popleft<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>q<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 清空队列</span>
<span class="token comment"># q.clear()</span>

<span class="token comment"># 获取队列长度</span>
<span class="token comment"># length = q.maxlen</span>
<span class="token comment"># print(length)</span>

</code></pre></div></div> <footer class="page-edit"><!----> <div class="last-updated"><span class="prefix">上次更新:</span> <span class="time">7/20/2020, 2:09:44 AM</span></div></footer> <!----> </main></div><div class="global-ui"></div></div>
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